Employment
Employment
The guaranteed inter-professional minimum wage (SMIG) and the guaranteed minimum agricultural (SMAG) sont institués par le décret n° 73‐247 du 26 mai 1973. wage (SMAG) were fixed by decree n ° 73‐247 of May 26, 1973.
The wage concerns workers of both sexes who are at least 18 years old.
The transport allowance is fixed, for employees paid at the minimum wage in non-agricultural sectors, according to the labour code provision, at 36,112 TND per month in accordance with decree n ° 82-503 of March 16, 1982 and amended by the government decree n ° 2015-1764 published in the JORT (Official National Gazette) N ° 91 of 09 November 2015.
SMIG
|
Scheme
|
Monthly salary
|
Hourly salary
|
|---|---|---|
|
40 Hours
|
448.238 TND
|
2.586 TND
|
|
48 Hours
|
528.320 TND
|
2.540 TND
|
Source : Décret n°2024-419 du 9 juillet 2024
SMAG
|
Scheme
|
Salary per day
|
|---|---|
|
Rate (common)
|
20.320 TND
|
|
Specialized workers
|
20.996 TND
including a technical bonus of 1 084 millimes
|
|
Skilled workers
|
22.838 TND
including a technical bonus of 2038 millimes
|
SALARY INCREASE
In non-agricultural activities under the labour code and not governed by sectoral collective agreements or by specific public enterprise by-laws, the basic wages of workers are increased as follows:
|
WORKERS CATEGORY
|
48H / WEEK WORK SCHEME
|
40H / WEEK WORK SCHEME
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Hourly increase
|
Monthly increase
|
Hourly increase
|
Monthly increase
|
|
|
Executing employees, excluding minimum wage workers
|
0.166 to 0.213
TND
|
44.304 TND
|
0,1666 to 0,213 TND
|
36,919 TND
|
|
|
Foremen
|
0,244 TND
|
50,752 TND
|
0,244 TND
|
42,293 TND
|
|
|
Executives
|
0,319 TND
|
66,352 TND
|
0,319 TND
|
55,292 TND
|
|
Overtime remuneration
Hours worked over the normal weekly duration are considered overtime.
These hours are remunerated with reference to the basic hourly wage increased according to the following rates and according to the activity sector:
- Agricultural sector: 25% for working hours over the daily working time
- Non-agricultural sector:
- Part-time work scheme: 50%
- Full-time work scheme of 48 hours per week: 75%
- Full-time working scheme of less than 48 hours per week: ≤ 48 hours per week 25%
- Full-time working scheme of less than 48 hours per week: more than 48 hours per week 50%
Source : Art. 90-94 of the Labour Code amended by law n ° 96-62 of July 15, 1996.
Electricity cost
Specifications
|
Alternative power frequency
|
Low voltage
|
Medium voltage (2nd category)
|
|---|---|---|
|
50 Hz
|
220 / 380 V (± 10%)
|
30 kV (± 7%) generally (10 kV and 17 kV in some areas)
|
Electricity rates (excluding taxes)
| Rates | Charges | Energy price (millimes / KWh) | ||||
| Power mil / KW / Month | Day | morning peak summer | Evening peak | Evening peak Night | ||
| Four hourly shifts | 11000 | 238 | 364 | 332 | 179 | |
| Help | 5 200 | 260 | 395 | 358 | 187 | |
Source : STEG au 1er mai 2022
ABBREVIATIONS
Mill: Tunisian millimes
VAT: Value Added Tax
kW: kilowatt
kWh: kilowatt-hour
(1) The Value Added Tax is to be applied at the following rates:
19% on all service charges and on the energy price (excluding taxes) for uses other than irrigation
7% on the energy price (excluding taxes) for irrigation use
(2) To be added:
Contribution to local authorities: 5 mill/kWh
Tax in favor of the Energy Transition Fund (FTE): 1 mill/kWh
Voltage level: low voltage (general)
| Rate | Sector | Power charge (1) (Mill / kVA / month) | Energy price for each monthly consumption phase (Mill / kWh) (1) (2) | |||||
| 1-50 | 51-100 | 101-200 | 201-300 | 301-500 | 500 et plus | |||
| Economic phase (1 and 2 kVA and C ° ≤100 kWh / month)) | Residential (3) | 700 | 62 | |||||
| Residential(4) | 96 | |||||||
| Residential(5) | 104 | |||||||
| Economic phase (1 and 2 kVA & C°> 100 kWh/month) | Residential | 700 | 176 | 218 | 341 | 414 | ||
| Normal phase (> 2 kVA) | Non Residential | 176 | 240 | 333 | 391 | |||
Source : STEG au 1er mai 2022
Voltage level: low voltage (special)
| Rate | Charges | Energy price 19 (millimes / KWh) 20 | |||||
| Mil / Ab / Month subscription | Power mil / KVA / Month | Day | Peak | Evening peak | Night | ||
| Public lighting | 900 | 234 | |||||
| Heating-water21 | 500 | 341 | Erase 22 | Erase | 341 | ||
| Heating and air conditioning | 700 | 414 | |||||
| Irrigation | Constant | 300 | 700 | 164 | |||
| Three hourly shifts | 1000 | 121 | NA | 391 | 116 | ||
Renewable energy
Energy-efficient cogeneration
| Time Period | Purchase Price of Surplus (Mill/kWh) | Transport Price (Mill/kWh) |
| Day | 2.401 x Pg + 16 | 7 |
| Morning Peak (Summer) | 3.110 x Pg + 100 | 7 |
| Evening Peak | 3.039 x Pg + 38 | 7 |
| Night | 2.179 x Pg | 7 |
Source: Decision of the Minister of Industry, Energy and Mines dated June 2, 2014
Renewable energies
For projects approved before December 12, 2023
| Time Period | Purchase Price of Surplus (Mill/kWh) | Transport Price (Mill/kWh) |
| Day | 115 | 7 |
| Morning Peak (Summer) | 182 | 7 |
| Evening Peak | 168 | 7 |
| Night | 87 | 7 |
Sources: Decision of the Minister of Industry, Energy and Mines dated June 2, 2014 & Decision of the Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy dated December 12, 2023
For projects approved fromDecember 12, 2023
| Voltage Level | Purchase Price of Surplus (Mill/kWh) | Transport Price (Mill/kWh) | Carry-over Price (Mill/kWh) |
| High Voltage / High Voltage | 80 | 25 | 43 |
| Medium Voltage / Medium Voltage | 80 | 39 | 43 |
| High Voltage / Medium Voltage or Medium Voltage / High Voltage | 80 | 54 | 43 |
Source: Decision of the Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy dated December 12, 2023
- Mill: Tunisian millimes – kWh: kilowatt hour
Other types of self-production
Concerns the purchase by the Tunisian Electricity and Gas Company of surplus electrical energy produced through self-production, including concessions for electricity production from gas from hydrocarbon exploitation concessions, with the exception of energy-efficient cogeneration and renewable energies.
| Time Period | Purchase Price of Surplus (Mill/kWh) |
| Day | 115 |
| Morning Peak (Summer) | 182 |
| Evening Peak | 168 |
| Night | 87 |
Source: Decision of the Minister of Industry, Energy and Mines dated June 2, 2014
Natural gas
Low pressure
- A Level 1 Low-Pressure (LP1) tariff is intended for domestic and small commercial and industrial customers consuming low-pressure electricity.
- A Level 2 Low-Pressure (LP2) tariff is intended for large commercial and industrial customers consuming low-pressure electricity.
- The “medium-voltage” subscription is a subscription for an electricity supply from the medium-voltage network, transformed into low voltage by a transformer station owned by the customer. The transformer station is owned by the customer and is operated and maintained by them at their expense.
| Low pressure | Sector | Subscribed flow (therm / h) | Flow charges (1) (mill / th-h-month) | Energy price | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mill/th | mill/m3 | |||||
| BP1 | C≤ 300 th/month 1 à 300 th/month (1 à 30 m3 / month) |
Residential | 50 et 100 | 15 | 24.3 | 231 |
| Non résidentiel | 25.5 | 243 | ||||
300 < C <= 600 th/month 1 à 600 th/month (1 à 60 m3 / month) |
Residential | 50 et 100 | 15 | 35.8 | 341 | |
| Non Residential | 37.5 | 357 | ||||
600 < C <= 1 500 th/month 1 à 1 500 th/month (1 à 150 m3 / month) |
Residential | 50 et 100 | 15 | 47 | 447 | |
| Non Residential | 51.1 | 486 | ||||
C>1 500 th/mois 1 to 1 501 th/month and more (1 to 151 m3 / month) |
Residential | 50 et 100 | 15 | 58.6 | 557 | |
| Non Residential | 66.2 | 629 | ||||
| BP2 | Residential | 50 et 100 | 15 | 58.6 | 557 | |
| Non Residential | 66.2 | 629 | ||||
ABREVIATIONS
Th : Thermal – Mill :Tunisian millimes – VAT : value added tax (1) VAT is applied at the rate of 19% on charges and energy prices excluding taxes Increase in subscribed flow: in case of an increase in the subscribed flow (with or without rate change), the reinforcement cost is calculated on the additional flow.
Increase in Subscribed Speed: In the event of an increase in the subscribed speed (with or without a change in tariff), the cost of the increase is calculated based on the additional speed.
Average pressure
| Rates | Subscribed flow (therm / h) | Charges | Energy price (1) Subscription (mill / th) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subscription (DT / ab-month) | Flow (mill / thh-month) | ||||
| Medium pressure | MP1 | 1 000 to 4 000 | 20 | 300 | |
| MP2 | 6 000 to 30 000 | 20 | 450 | ||
| Cement (Grey cement) | 1 000 to 30 000 | 20 | 600 | 1.032 x Pg | |
| 58.8173 (5) | |||||
Source : STEG as of June 1, 2022
ABREVIATIONS
- h : Hour
- Ab : Subscription
- Th : Thermal
- Mill : Tunisian Dinar
- DT : Dinar Tunisien
- TVA : Value added tax
- Pg : Purchase price of natural gas in millimes / therm
- (1) VAT is applied at the rate of 19% on charges and energy prices excluding taxes In case of an increase in the subscribed flow (with or without rate change), the cost of reinforcement is calculated on the additional flow.
Increase in Subscribed Speed: In the event of an increase in the subscribed speed (with or without a change in tariff), the cost of the increase is calculated based on the additional speed.
High pressure
| Pressure Level | Tariff Code | Consumption Level | Subscribed Flow (therm/h) | Fee (1) | Energy Price (1) (2) (mill/therm) | |
| Subscription (DT/sub-month) | Flow (mill/therm-h-month) | |||||
| High Pressure | HP1 | HP1 | 10,000 to 30,000 | 300 | 700 | 60.4 |
| High Pressure | HP2 | ≤ 2,000 Tep/month | >30,000 | 300 | 700 | 67.1 |
| > 2,000 Tep/month | >30,000 | 300 | 700 | 81.3 | ||
Source : STEG as of June 1, 2022
ABREVIATIONS
- Tep : 10 000 therms
- h : Hour
- Ab : Subscription
- Th : thermal
- Mill : Tunisian millimes
- DT : Tunisian Dinar
- TVA : Value added tax
- Pg : Purchase price of natural gas in millimes / therm
- (1) VAT is applied at the rate of 19% on charges and energy prices excluding taxes.
- (2) As of June 1, 2018: – rates are revised during the month of June of each year on the basis of compatible data from STEG for the previous year – Energy price is fixed on the basis of the purchase price of natural gas equal to 93.3247 mill / th (which corresponds to the average purchase price of natural gas for the year 2019) In case of an increase in the subscribed flow (with or without rate change), the cost of reinforcement is calculated on the additional flow.
Increase in Subscribed Speed: In the event of an increase in the subscribed speed (with or without a change in tariff), the cost of the increase is calculated based on the additional speed.
Telecommunication
National Telecommunications Authority (INT)
The National Telecommunications Authority (INT) is the body responsible for managing the national numbering and addressing plans. It sets the conditions and procedures for number retention, notably the procedures for the introduction and use of number portability, and defines the conditions and procedures for the allocation of domain names.
The Ministry of Communication Technologies and Digital Economy, for its part, proposes the general policy in the field of information and communication technologies and ensures its implementation in order to strengthen the sector’s role in economic and social development.
It is responsible for:
Establishing the national strategy for the sector
Developing programs and procedures aimed at the development and consolidation of the ICT sector
Telephony
In Tunisia, the national telecommunications market includes three operators: Tunisie Telecom, Ooredoo, and Orange Tunisie, as well as a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO): Lycamobile.
The minimum mobile telephony rates in Tunisia range from 0.015 TND to 0.090 TND, depending on the operator, the specific offer, and the time of year.
For more information, please consult the full pricing guides on the websites of:
Tunisie Telecom: www.tunisietelecom.tn
Ooredoo: www.ooredoo.tn
Orange Tunisie: www.orange.tn
Lycamobile Tunisie: www.lycamobile.tn
Internet Service Providers
The Tunisian Internet Agency (ATI) is the main public Internet service provider in Tunisia.
Its mission is to promote the Internet within the country and to enable the interconnection of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) both domestically and internationally. ATI also manages the internet messaging gateway services for ISPs, IP addressing in Tunisia, and promotes content through the promotion of national domain names.
Requests for Internet access are made at the commercial agencies of the Internet providers (ISPs) or through their resellers.
In Tunisia, there are 9 public and private ISPs.
The minimum Internet rates vary from one ISP to another depending on the requested bandwidth and the promotional offer provided.
Oil derivatives
Rates in effect from 1st February 2022
The price revision of certain oil products is governed by the decree of the Ministers of Energy, Mines and Energy Transition and Finance, of March 31, 2020, appointing a technical commission responsible for setting and monitoring the selling prices of imported finished oil products and those refined locally.
| PRODUCT | RETAIL PRICE |
|---|---|
| Unleaded Super Gasoline | 2.525 TND / liter |
| Premium Unleaded Gasoline | 2.855 TND / liter |
| Regular Diesel | 1.985 TND / liter |
| Low-Sulfur Diesel | 2.205 TND / liter |
| Super Low-Sulfur Diesel | 2.550 TND / liter |
| Heavy Fuel Oil No. 2 | 1.030 TND / ton |
| Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) | Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) |
| 0.677 TND / liter | |
| 8.800 TND (13 kg Cylinder) |
Drinking water
Current consumption prices (excl. VAT)
The service provider is the National Water Exploitation and Distribution Company (SONEDE). Applications are submitted to the SONEDE office in the project district.
| Industrial Use | Tourism Use (Hotels) | |
| Quarterly Consumption | Price in TND / m³ | Price in TND / m³ |
| C ≤ 20 m³ | 0.200 | 2.310 |
| 21 m³ < C ≤ 40 m³ | 0.740 | |
| 41 m³ < C ≤ 70 m³ | 1.040 | |
| 71 m³ < C ≤ 100 m³ | 1.490 | |
| 101 m³ < C ≤ 150 m³ | 1.770 | |
| C > 150 m³ | 2.310 | |
| Public Water Fountains (price in TND / m³) | 0.200 | |
Fixed charges for drinking water subscriptions (excl. VAT)
| Counter diameter | Fixed price (TND / quarter) | |
| 12 - 15 mm | 5,050 | |
| 20 mm | 9,370 | |
| 30 mm | 17,310 | |
| 40 mm | 31,800 | |
| De 60 mm à 80mm | 80,800 | |
| 100 mm | 130,000 | |
| 150 mm | 338,700 | |
| > 150 mm | Fixed fees calculated proportionally to the purchase price of the meters, referring to the fees above. |
|
Source : JORT N° 65 of 31 May 2016
Sanitation
Quarterly sanitation rates
The service provider is the National Sanitation Office (ONAS). Applications are submitted to ONAS agencies in the district where the project is located. The quarterly sanitation rates are as follows:
| Industrial Usage | Rates (TND) | |
| Variable | Fixed | |
| Industrial discharge compliant with public sewer discharge standards | 1.579 / m³ | 16.150 |
| Industrial discharge compliant with natural environment discharge standards | 1.142 / m³ | 16.150 |
| Industrial discharge exceeding public sewer discharge standards | 1.579 + (Q * 0.760) | 16.150 |
| Industrial and polluting activity not connected to public sewer | 1.144 / m³ | 16.150 |
| Tourism Usage | ||
| General case | 2.002 | 16.150 |
Source : Order of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Local Affairs and the Environment of April 13, 2022 relating to sanitation charges
Goods transportation
Rail transport
The rates for transporting 20-foot containers from the Port of Radès to the customer’s factory are approximately as follows:
Containers loaded in one way, empty on the way back (in TND)
| Distance in KM | 150 | 300 | 450 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Container ≤ to 12 T | 160 | 210 | 260 |
| Container > to12 T | 300 | 400 | 500 |
Containers loaded in both ways (in TND)
| Distance in KM | 150 | 300 | 450 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Container ≤to 12 T | 190 | 250 | 310 |
| Container > to 12 T | 350 | 470 | 590 |
The rates for transporting various goods from station to station are based on the distance:
| Distance in KM | Price in dinars |
|---|---|
| up to 50 Km | 3,100 + 0,0295 * D |
| From 51 to 110 Km | 2,180 + 0,0282 * D |
| From 111 to 200 Km | 2,290 + 0,0272 * D |
| Over 200 Km | 2,150 + 0,0309 * D |
Truck transport
As land transport is liberalized in Tunisia, each company in the sector applies its own prices. The average price is between 0.070 and 0.080 TND per ton and per kilometre. These prices decrease every time the distance increases.
Sea transport
| Shipping destinations | 20-foot containers in DT | 40-foot containers in DT |
|---|---|---|
| France (Marseille) | 620 | 1200 |
| Italy (Livourne) | 780 | 1550 |
| Spain | 750 | 1500 |
| North Europe 780 1 550 | 780 | 1550 |
| Morocco | 1850 | 3700 |
Air freight
| Destination | Price |
|---|---|
| Tunis - Paris | 0,650 TND/kg |
| Tunis - Brussels | 0,680 TND/kg |
| Tunis - Rome | 0,610 TND/kg |
| Tunis - Frankfurt | 0,690 TND/kg |
| Tunis - Munich | 0,690 TND/kg |
| Tunis - Milan | 0,620 TND/kg |
| Tunis - Marseille | 0,470 TND/kg |
Production costs and positioning
Human Resources
IT Support Analyst
The IT Support Analyst provides first-line support, handles the helpdesk, and trains users. They also install IT systems.
Tunisia has the lowest net annual costs at around €7,586. This category of workers in Tunisia is 74% more competitive than the sample average of approximately €28,662 per year.
| Country | Rank | Total (€) | Salaries (€) | Social Contributions (€) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tunisia | 1 | 7,587 | 6,373 | 1,214 |
| Morocco | 2 | 12,163 | 10,179 | 1,984 |
| Romania | 3 | 13,256 | 12,476 | 780 |
| Bulgaria | 4 | 13,409 | 11,210 | 2,199 |
| UK | 5 | 34,061 | 29,931 | 4,130 |
| Spain | 6 | 37,751 | 28,621 | 9,130 |
| Italy | 7 | 38,183 | 28,850 | 9,333 |
| France | 8 | 47,328 | 32,640 | 14,688 |
| Germany | 9 | 54,224 | 45,396 | 8,827 |
Electronics Engineer
The Electronics Engineer designs, develops, and tests electronic components, devices, systems, or equipment of all types. They may specialize in control engineering, instrumentation, signal processing, and/or telecommunications engineering.
Tunisia holds the lowest net annual costs in the sample with €13,552. This category of workers in Tunisia is 67% more competitive than the average of about €41,370 per year.
| Country | Rank | Total (€) | Salaries (€) | Social Contributions (€) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tunisia | 1 | 13,552 | 11,384 | 2,169 |
| Romania | 2 | 20,476 | 19,272 | 1,204 |
| Bulgaria | 3 | 21,681 | 18,125 | 3,556 |
| Morocco | 4 | 27,625 | 23,119 | 4,506 |
| Italy | 5 | 47,494 | 35,885 | 11,609 |
| Spain | 6 | 49,800 | 37,756 | 12,044 |
| UK | 7 | 52,050 | 45,738 | 6,312 |
| France | 8 | 64,024 | 44,155 | 19,870 |
| Germany | 9 | 75,635 | 63,322 | 12,313 |
Business Development Manager
The Business Development Manager identifies and develops referral sources, new and existing, to grow relationships and multiply business opportunities. They are also responsible for maintaining working relationships with existing clients to ensure retention.
Tunisia holds the lowest net annual costs at €17,264. This category of workers in Tunisia is 65% more competitive than the sample average of approximately €49,867 per year.
| Country | Rank | Total (€) | Salaries (€) | Social Contributions (€) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tunisia | 1 | 17,264 | 14,502 | 2,763 |
| Bulgaria | 2 | 26,765 | 22,375 | 4,390 |
| Romania | 3 | 27,402 | 25,790 | 1,612 |
| Morocco | 4 | 36,896 | 30,878 | 6,018 |
| Italy | 5 | 55,653 | 42,050 | 13,603 |
| Spain | 6 | 59,193 | 44,877 | 14,316 |
| UK | 7 | 65,917 | 57,923 | 7,993 |
| France | 8 | 73,364 | 50,596 | 22,768 |
| Germany | 9 | 86,355 | 72,297 | 14,058 |
R&D Team Leader
The R&D Team Leader is responsible for developing and improving products or new systems. They lead a team on a project or part of a medium-complexity research project.
Tunisia has the lowest net annual costs at €27,057. This category of workers in Tunisia is 61% more competitive than the average of around €69,738 per year.
| Country | Rank | Total (€) | Salaries (€) | Social Contributions (€) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tunisia | 1 | 27,058 | 22,728 | 4,330 |
| Romania | 2 | 40,149 | 37,787 | 2,362 |
| Bulgaria | 3 | 41,644 | 34,813 | 6,830 |
| Italy | 4 | 71,971 | 54,379 | 17,592 |
| Morocco | 5 | 72,386 | 60,579 | 11,807 |
| Spain | 6 | 81,146 | 61,521 | 19,625 |
| UK | 7 | 88,572 | 77,831 | 10,741 |
| France | 8 | 95,632 | 65,953 | 29,679 |
| Germany | 9 | 109,091 | 91,331 | 17,759 |
Robotics Engineer
The Robotics Engineer is responsible for designing, testing, and building robots. They use Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing (CADD/CAM) systems to perform their tasks. They identify specific needs for each application and customize the robot accordingly. They also plan the software programs adapted to robot installation.
Tunisia holds the lowest net annual costs at €23,001. This category of workers in Tunisia is 64% more competitive than the sample average of about €63,899 per year.
| Country | Rank | Total (€) | Salaries (€) | Social Contributions (€) |
| Tunisia | 1 | 23,001 | 19,321 | 3,681 |
| Bulgaria | 2 | 36,402 | 30,432 | 5,971 |
| Romania | 3 | 36,634 | 34,479 | 2,155 |
| Morocco | 4 | 63,395 | 53,055 | 10,340 |
| Italy | 5 | 67,159 | 50,744 | 16,416 |
| Spain | 6 | 74,624 | 56,576 | 18,048 |
| UK | 7 | 81,469 | 71,590 | 9,879 |
| France | 8 | 89,263 | 61,561 | 27,702 |
| Germany | 9 | 103,146 | 86,354 | 16,792 |
Production operator
The Commercial Buyer purchases products or services necessary for the functioning of the business. They find, select, and negotiate with suppliers to obtain the best price and quality. The Commercial Buyer organizes the purchase and delivery and ensures supplier quality.
Tunisia holds the lowest net annual costs at €25,603. This category of workers in Tunisia is 68% more competitive than the average of about €79,890 per year.
| Country | Rank | Total (€) | Salaries (€) | Social Contributions (€) |
| Tunisia | 1 | 5,250 | 4,410 | 840 |
| Morocco | 2 | 8,159 | 6,828 | 1,331 |
| Romania | 3 | 9,696 | 9,126 | 570 |
| Bulgaria | 4 | 10,274 | 8,589 | 1,685 |
| Spain | 5 | 30,788 | 23,342 | 7,446 |
| UK | 6 | 31,305 | 27,509 | 3,796 |
| Italy | 7 | 33,493 | 25,306 | 8,187 |
| France | 8 | 37,408 | 25,799 | 11,609 |
| Germany | 9 | 44,053 | 36,881 | 7,172 |
Operating costs
Industrial Gas
The cost of industrial-use gas is given per cubic meter.
The location with the lowest unit cost for industrial gas is Tunisia, with costs at €0.1712 per cubic meter, followed by Bulgaria and Romania.
The average cost of the sample is €0.3171 per cubic meter.
| Country | Rank | Cost (per m³) | Variation vs. Average |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tunisia | 1 | €0.1712 | -46% |
| Bulgaria | 2 | €0.2569 | -19% |
| Romania | 3 | €0.2664 | -16% |
| Morocco | 4 | €0.3044 | -4% |
| Spain | 5 | €0.3139 | -1% |
| Germany | 6 | €0.3615 | +14% |
| UK | 7 | €0.3805 | +20% |
| France | 8 | €0.3996 | +26% |
| Italy | 8 | €0.3996 | +26% |
Source: fDi Intelligence estimates based on Eurostat, The Economist Intelligence Unit, Eurostat and main utility providers. fDi Benchmark, a service of The Financial Times Limited 2025. All rights reserved.
Electricity
The public electricity price is the average electricity price per kWh supplied to industrial clients, including all fees and charges.
Tunisia ranks 2nd among benchmarked countries with one of the lowest electricity unit costs at €0.1066 per kWh, followed by Spain and Bulgaria.
| Country | Rank | Cost (per kWh) |
|---|---|---|
| Morocco | 1 | €0.1008 |
| Tunisia | 2 | €0.1066 |
| Spain | 3 | €0.1294 |
| Bulgaria | 4 | €0.137 |
| France | 5 | €0.2036 |
| Romania | 6 | €0.2141 |
| Germany | 7 | €0.2569 |
| UK | 8 | €0.4053 |
| Italy | 9 | €0.5489 |
Source: fDi Benchmark, a service of The Financial Times Limited 2025. All rights reserved.
Fixed Broadband Internet
This section covers the annual subscription fees for fixed broadband (wired) internet service.
Fixed broadband is considered any internet connection with download speeds of 256 kbit/s or higher.
Tunisia offers annual unit prices around €725.94, which is 99% lower than the average of €91,119.
| Country | Rank | Cost (per unit) |
|---|---|---|
| Morocco | 1 | €104.82 |
| UK | 2 | €201.86 |
| Spain | 3 | €281.76 |
| Tunisia | 4 | €725.94 |
| Italy | 5 | €8,796 |
| Germany | 6 | €39,000 |
| France | 7 | €207,000 |
| Bulgaria | 8 | €210,225.45 |
| Romania | 9 | €353,735.35 |
Source: fDi Benchmark, a service of The Financial Times Limited 2025. All rights reserved.
Water
The public price of industrial-use water is given per cubic meter.
Tunisia has the lowest unit cost among benchmarked countries at €0.3295 per cubic meter, followed by Morocco and Italy.
| Country | Rank | Cost (per unit) |
|---|---|---|
| Tunisia | 1 | €0.3295 |
| Morocco | 2 | €0.6045 |
| Italy | 3 | €0.8401 |
| Bulgaria | 4 | €0.9424 |
| Romania | 5 | €1.0494 |
| Spain | 6 | €1.3256 |
| France | 7 | €1.8901 |
| UK | 8 | €2.4716 |
| Germany | 9 | €2.6433 |
Source: fDi Benchmark, a service of The Financial Times Limited 2025. All rights reserved.